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Moral Personality Research Lab

Publications

PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES

Dyer, W. J., Goodman, M. A., & Hardy. S. A. (in press). Adolescent suicide ideation in Utah: The role of religion and family. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000319

Dyer, W. J., Hardy, S. A., Goodman, M. A. (in press). Religiosity from age 12 to 20: Stability, change, and bidirectional effects of attendance, prayer, and salience. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1834745

Hardy, S. A., *Hatch, H. D., *Nelson, J. M., & Shwadel, P. (in press). Family religiousness, peer religiousness, and religious community supportiveness as developmental contexts of adolescent and young adult religious deidentification. Research in Human Development.

Hardy, S. A., *Hendricks, J., *Nelson, J. M., & Shwadel, P. (in press). Declines in religious dimensions across adolescence as predictors of religious deidentification in young adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence.

Hardy, S. A., & *Hurst, J. L. (in press). Adolescent motivations to abstain from sex and alcohol: A self-determination theory approach. Applied Developmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2021.2007767

*Hendricks, J. J., *Cazier, J., *Nelson, J. M., Marks, L.D., & Hardy, S. A. (in press). Repentance and divine forgiveness: Exploring processes, motivations, resources, and outcomes. Archive for the Psychology of Religion.

Krettenauer, T., Lefebvre, J. P., Hardy, S. A., Zhang, Z., & Cazzell, A. R. (in press). Daily moral identity: Linkages with integrity and compassion. Journal of Personality. https://doi-org.erl.lib.byu.edu/10.1111/jopy.12689

Schwadel, P., & Hardy, S. A. (in press). What aspects of religiosity are associated with values? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. https://doi-org.erl.lib.byu.edu/10.1111/jssr.12777

Hardy, S. A., *Nelson, J. M., *Frandsen, S. B., *Cazzell, A. R., & Goodman, M. A. (2022). Adolescent religious motivation: A self-determination theory approach. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 32(1), 16-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1844968

*Cazzell, A., *Starks, S., Hickman, J., & Hardy, S. A. (2021). Moral values in moral psychology: A cultural discourse and content analysis. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 41(1), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/teo0000172

Hardy, S. A., & *Nelson, J. M. (2021). Introduction to special issue: Diverse disciplinary approaches to the study of adolescent religious and spiritual development. Adolescent Research Review, 6, 247-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-021-00165-2

King, P. E., Hardy, S. A., & *Noe, S. (2021). Developmental perspectives on adolescent religious and spiritual development. Adolescent Research Review, 6, 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-021-00159-0

Schwadel, P., Hardy, S. A., Van Tongeren, D. R., & DeWall, C. N. (2021). The values of religious nones, dones, and sacralized Americans: Links between changes in religious affiliation and Schwartz values. Journal of Personality, 89, 867-882. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12620

Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N., Hardy, S. A., Schwadel, P. (2021). Religious identity and morality:
Evidence for religious residue and decay in moral foundations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(11), 1550-1564. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616722097081

Hardy, S. A., *Baldwin, C. R., *Herd, T., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2020). Dynamic associations between religiousness and self-regulation across adolescence into young adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 56, 180-197. doi:10.1037/dev0000841

*Moore, J. P., & Hardy, S. A. (2020). Longitudinal relations between substance use abstinence motivations and substance use behaviors in adolescence: A self-determination theory approach.
Journal of Personality, 88, 735-747. doi:10.1111/jopy.12522

Schnitker, S. A., *Gilbertson, M., Houltberg, B., Hardy, S. A., & *Fernandez, N. (2020). Transcendent motivations and virtue development in adolescent marathon runners. Journal of Personality, 88, 237-248. doi:10.1111/jopy.12481

Ham, L. S., Zamboanga, B. L., Meca, A., Blumenthal, H., Hardy, S. A., & Hurd, L. E. (2019). Factor structure of the Brief Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Scale in adolescents. Assessment, 26, 604-618. doi:10.1177/1073191117694454

Hardy, S. A., *Hurst, J. L., Price, J., & Denton, M. L. (2019). The socialization of attitudes about sex and their role in adolescent pornography use. Journal of Adolescence, 72, 70-82. doi:/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02

Hardy, S. A., & King, P. E. (2019). Processes of religious and spiritual influence in adolescence: Introduction to a special section. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 244-253. doi:10.1111/jora.12509

Hardy, S. A., *Nelson, J. M., *Moore, J. P., & King, P. E. (2019). Processes of religious and spiritual influence in adolescence: A systematic review of 30 years of research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 254-275. doi:10.1111/jora.12486

*Iannello, N.M., Hardy, S. A., Musso, P., Lo Coco, A., & Inguglia, C. (2019). Spirituality and ethnocultural empathy among Italian adolescents: The mediating role of religious identity formation processes. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11, 32-41. doi:10.1037/rel0000155

*Audette, L. M., Barry, C. M., Carlucci, M. E., & Hardy, S. (2018). Associations among body dissatisfaction, gender, and three latent profiles of religiosity. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21, 380-394. doi:10.1080/13674676.2018.1497587

*Nadal, A.C., Hardy, S., Barry, C. (2018). Understanding the roles of religiosity and spirituality in emerging adults in the United States. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 10, 30-43. doi:10.1037/rel0000104

Davis, A. N., Carlo, G., Hardy, S. A., Olthuis, J. V., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2017). Bidirectional relations between different forms of prosocial behaviors and substance use among female college student athletes. Journal of Social Psychology, 157, 645-657. doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1263596

Hardy, S. A., & Willoughby, B. J. (2017). Religiosity and chastity among single young adults and married adults. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9, 285-295. doi:10.1037/rel0000112

Hardy, S. A., *Nadal, A. R. C., & Schwartz, S. J. (2017). The integration of personal identity, religious identity, and moral identity in emerging adulthood. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 17, 96-107. doi:10.1080/15283488.2017.1305905

*Merrill, B. M., Warren, J. S., *Garcia, D. J., & Hardy, S. A. (2017). Youth motivation as a predictor of treatment outcomes in a community mental health system. Psychotherapy Research, 27, 215-226. doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1090037

Hardy, S. A., *Bean, D. S., & Olsen, J. A. (2015). Moral identity and adolescent prosocial and antisocial behaviors: Interactions with moral disengagement and self-regulation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 1542-1554. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0172-1

Hardy, S. A., Dollahite, D. C., *Johnson, N., & *Christensen, J. B. (2015). Adolescent motivations to engage in prosocial behaviors and abstain from health-risk behaviors: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Personality, 83, 479-490. doi:10.1111/jopy.12123

Jankowski, P. J., Hardy, S. A., Zamboanga, B. L., Ham, L. S., Schwartz, S. J., Kim, S. Y., Forthun, L. F., Bersamin, M. M., Donovan, R. A., Whitbourne, S. K., Hurley, E. A., & Cano, M. A. (2015). Religiousness and levels of hazardous alcohol use: A latent profile analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 1968-1983. doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0302-4

Meca, A., Ritchie, R.A., Beyers, W., Schwartz, S.J., Picariello, S., Zamboanga, B.L., Hardy, S.A., Luyckx, K., Kim, S.Y., Whitbourne, S.K., Crocetti, E., Brown, E.J., & Benitez, C.G. (2015). Identity centrality and psychosocial functioning: A person-centered approach. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 327-339. doi:10.1177/2167696815593183

Samuelson, P. L., Jarvinen, M. J., Paulus, T. B., Church, I. M., Hardy, S. A., & Barrett, J. L. (2015). Implicit theories of intellectual virtues and vices: A focus on intellectual humility. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 389-406. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.967802

Schwartz, S. J., Hardy, S. A., Zamboanga, B. L., Meca, A., Waterman, A. S., Picariello, S., Luyckx, K., Crocetti, E., Kim, S. Y., Brittian, A. S., Roberts, S. E., Whitbourne, S. K., Ritchie, R. A., Brown, E. J., & Forthun, L. F. (2015). Identity in young adulthood: Links with mental health and risky behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 39-52. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.10.001

Dezutta, J., Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Luckx, K., Beyers, W., Meca, A., Kim, S. Y., Whitbourne, S. K., Zamboanga, B. L., Lee, R. M., Hardy, S. A., Forthun, L. F., Ritchie, R. A., Weisskirch, R. S., Brown, E. J., & Caraway, S. J. (2014). Meaning in life in emerging adulthood: A person-oriented approach. Journal of Personality, 82, 57-68. doi:10.1111/jopy.12033

Hardy, S. A., Walker, L. J., Olsen, J. A., *Woodbury, R. D., & Hickman, J. R. (2014). Moral identity as moral ideal self: Links to adolescent outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 50, 45-57. doi:10.1037/a0033598

Hardy, S. A., Zhang, Z., *Skalski, J. E., *Melling, B. S., & *Brinton, C. T. (2014). Daily religious involvement, spirituality, and moral emotions. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6, 338-348. doi:10.1037/a0037293

*McMurdie, C. A., Dollahite, D. C., & Hardy, S. A. (2013). Adolescent and parent perceptions of the influence of religious belief and practice. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 32, 192-205.

*Cai, M., Hardy, S. A., Olsen, J. A., Nelson, D. A., & Yamawaki, N. (2013). Adolescent-parent attachment as a mediator of relations between parenting and adolescent social behavior and well-being in China. International Journal of Psychology, 48, 1185-1190. doi:10.1080/00207594.2013.774091

Hardy, S. A., *Francis, S. W., Zamboanga, B. L., Kim, S. Y., *Anderson, S. G., & Forthun, L. F. (2013). The roles of identity formation and moral identity in college student mental health, health risk behaviors, and psychological well-being. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69 (4), 364-382. doi:10.1002/jclp.21913

Hardy, S. A., *Steelman, M. A., Coyne, S. M., & Ridge, R. D. (2013). Adolescent religiousness as a protective factor against pornography use. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34, 131-139. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.12.002

Jankowski, P. J., Hardy, S. A., Zamboanga, B. L., & Ham, L. S. (2013). Religiousness and hazardous alcohol use: A conditional indirect effects model. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 747-758. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.06.001

Ritchie, R. A., Meca, A., Madrazo, V. L., Schwartz, S. J., Hardy, S. A., Waterman, A. S., Zamboanga, B. L., Weisskirch, R., Kim, S. Y., Whitbourne, S. K., Ham, L. S., Lee, R. (2013). Identity dimensions and related processes in emerging adulthood: Helpful or harmful? Journal of Clinical Psychology 69 (4), 415-432. doi:10.1002/jclp.21960

*Skalski, J. E., & Hardy, S. A. (2013). Disintegration, new consciousness, and discontinuous transformation: A qualitative investigation of quantum change. The Humanistic Psychologist, 41, 159-177. doi:10.1080/08873267.2012.724271

*Stevens, D. L., & Hardy, S. A. (2013). Individual, family, and peer predictors of violence among Samoan adolescents. Youth & Society, 45, 428-449. doi:10.1177/0044118X11424756

Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Hardy, S. A., Kim, S. Y., Lee, R. M., Armenta, B. E., Whitbourne, S. K., Zamboanga, B. L., Brown, E. J., Williams, M. K., & Agocha, V. B. (2013). Good choices, poor choices: Relationship between the quality of identity commitments and psychosocial functioning. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 163-174. doi:10.1177/2167696813484004

Hardy, S. A., Walker, L. J., *Rackham, D. D., & Olsen, J. A. (2012). Religiosity and adolescent empathy and aggression: The mediating role of moral identity. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4, 237-248. doi:10.1037/a0027566

*Layton, E., Hardy, S. A., & Dollahite, D. C. (2012). Religious exploration among highly-religious American adolescents. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 12, 157-184. doi:10.1080/15283488.2012.668728

*Christensen, K. J., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Busby, D. M., Hardy, S. A., & Day, R. D. (2011). Relational and social-cognitive correlates of early adolescents' forgiveness of parents. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 903-913. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.01.001

*Gilliland, R., South, M. D., Carpenter, B. N., & Hardy, S. A. (2011). The roles of shame and guilt in hypersexual behavior. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 18, 12-29. doi:10.1080/10720162.2011.551182

Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2011). Moral identity: What is it, how does it develop, and is it linked to moral action? Child Development Perspectives, 5, 212-218. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00189.x

Hardy, S. A., Pratt, M. W., Pancer, S. M., Olsen, J. A., & Lawford, H. L. (2011). Community and religious involvement as contexts of identity change across late adolescence and emerging adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 125-135. doi:10.1177/0165025410375920

Hardy, S. A., Walker, L. J., Olsen, J. A., *Skalski, J., & *Basinger, J. C. (2011). Adolescent naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity. Social Development, 20, 562-586. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00590.x

Hardy, S. A., *White, J., Zhang, Z., & *Ruchty, J., (2011). Parenting and the socialization of religiousness and spirituality. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3, 217-230. doi:10.1037/a0021600

*Layton, E., Dollahite, D. C., & Hardy, S. A. (2011). Anchors of religious commitment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 26, 381-413. doi:10.1177/0743558410391260

Padilla-Walker, L. M., Hardy, S. A., & *Christensen, K. J. (2011). Adolescent hope as a mediator between parent-child connectedness and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Early Adolescence, 31, 853-879. doi:10.1177/0272431610376249

Schwartz, S. J., Beyers, W., Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Zamboanga, B. L., Forthun, L. F., Hardy, S. A., Vazsonyi, A. T., Ham, L. S., Kim, S. Y., Whitbourne, S. K., & Waterman, A. S. (2011). Examining the light and dark sides of emerging adults' identity: A study of identity status differences in positive and negative psychosocial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 839-859. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9606-6

Hardy, S. A., *Ruchty, J., Hull, T. D., & Hyde, R. (2010). A preliminary study of an online psychoeducational program for hypersexuality. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17, 247-269. doi:10.1080/10720162.2010.533999

Hardy, S. A., *Bhattacharjee, A., Aquino, K., & Reed, A., Jr. (2010). Moral identity and psychological distance: The case of adolescent parental socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 111-123. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.008

Hardy, S. A., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2010). Links between adolescents’ expected parental reactions and prosocial behavioral tendencies: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 84-95. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9383-7

Hardy, S. A., & Thiels, C. (2009). Using latent growth curve modeling in clinical treatment research: An example comparing guided self-change and cognitive behavioral therapy treatments for bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 9, 51-71.

Nesselroade, J. R., Ram, N., Gerstorf, D., & Hardy, S. A. (2009). Rejoinder to Commentaries on Nesselroade, Gerstorf, Hardy, and Ram. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 7, 17-26. doi:10.1080/15366360802715361

Tomasik, M., Hardy, S., Haase, C. M., & Heckhausen, J. (2009). Adaptive adjustment of vocational aspirations among German youths during the transition from school to work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 38-46. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.10.003

Hardy, S. A., Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (2008). Parenting dimensions and adolescents’ internalization of moral values. Journal of Moral Education, 37, 205-223. doi:10.1080/03057240802009512

Nesselroade, J. R., Gerstorf, D., Hardy, S. A., & Ram, N. (2007). Idiographic filters for psychological constructs. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 5, 217-235. doi:10.1080/15366360701741807

Goodvin, R., Johnson, D. R., Hardy, S. A., Graef, M. I., & Chambers, J. M. (2007). Development and confirmatory factor analysis of the Community Norms of Child Neglect Scale. Child Maltreatment, 12, 68-85. doi:10.1177/1077559506296667

Zamboanga, B. L., Padilla-Walker, L. M., Hardy, S. A., Thompson, R. A., & Wang, S. C. (2007). Academic background and course involvement as predictors of exam performance. Teaching of Psychology, 34, 158-162. doi:10.1080/00986280701498517

Colman, B., Hardy, S. A., Albert, M., Raffaelli, M., & Crockett, L. (2006). Early predictors of self- regulation in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 15, 421-437. doi:10.1002/icd.469

Hardy, S. A. (2006). Identity, reasoning, and emotion: An empirical comparison of three sources of moral motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 207-215. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9034-9

Hardy, S. A., & *Kisling, J. W. (2006). Identity statuses and prosocial behaviors in young adulthood: A brief report. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 6, 363-369. doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0604_4

Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Identity as a source of moral motivation. Human Development, 48, 232-256. doi:10.1159/000086859

Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2005). Religiosity and prosocial behaviors in adolescence: The mediating role of prosocial values. Journal of Moral Education, 34, 231-249. doi:10.1080/03057240500127210

Hardy, S. A., & Raffaelli, M. (2003). Adolescent religiosity and sexuality: An investigation of reciprocal influences. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 731-739. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.09.003

Hardy, S. A., Zamboanga, B. L., Thompson, R. A., & Reay, D. K. (2003). Student background and course involvement among first-year college students in Introduction to Psychology: Implications for course design and student achievement. Psychology Learning and Teaching, 3, 6-10. doi: 10.2304/plat.2003.3.1.6

BOOK CHAPTERS

Hardy, S. A., & Nelson, J. M. (2022). Religious development across adolescence and early adulthood. In L. Crockett, G. Carlo, & J. Schulenberg (Eds.), APA handbook of adolescent and young adult development, (pp. 595-608). American Psychological Association.

Hardy, S. A., & Longo, G. S. (2021). Developmental perspectives on youth religious non-affiliation. In J. L. Heft & J. E. Stets (Eds.), Empty churches: Non-affiliation in America (pp. 135-171). Oxford University Press.

Hardy, S. A., Krettenauer, T., & *Hunt, N. (2020). The development of moral identity. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), Oxford handbook of moral development (pp. 128-144). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Hardy, S. A., Dollahite, D. C., & *Baldwin, C. R. (2019). Parenting, religion, and moral development. In D. Laible, G. Carlo, & L. M. Padilla-Walker (Eds.), Oxford handbook of parenting and moral development (pp. 179-196). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Hardy, S. A. (2018). Moral identity theory and research: A status update. In C. Helwig (Ed.), New perspectives on moral development (pp. 89-104). London and New York: Psychology Press.

Lapsley, D. K., & Hardy, S. A. (2017). Identity formation and moral development in emerging adulthood. In L. M. Padilla-Walker, & L. J. Nelson (Eds.), Flourishing in emerging adulthood: Positive development during the third decade of life (pp. 14-39). New York, NY: Oxford
University Press.

Narvaez, D., & Hardy, S. A. (2016). Measuring triune ethics orientation. In D. Narvaez, Embodied morality: Protectionism, engagement, and imagination. London, England: Macmillan.

Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2015). Moral identity. R. A. Scott & S. M. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences. Wiley.

Pratt, M. W., & Hardy, S. A. (2014). Cultivating the moral personality: Socialization in the family and beyond. In Grusec, J. E., & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (2 nd Ed.) (pp. 661-685). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2011). Moral identity. S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 495-513). New York: Springer.